domingo, 6 de noviembre de 2016

The Äimite guard, a Game of Thrones ripoff?


Before I get bombarded by dozens of furious fans of GoT that read my series for some time I wanted to write a brief recap about some things about the Elf King's personal elite army. The first thing is that when I started to write my series I wasn't even thinking about the Night Watch (I haven't read any of JRR Martin's books and have only watched up to the 4th season of GoT).

I'm a huge fan of the samurai and their bushido code. Last year when I first visited Santiago de Chile there was an amazing exposition of samurai armor in Palacio La Moneda that to top things off I could enter the museum for free because I showed up before noon. While I had already written several books and was in the process of editing I was simply marveled at the gorgeous decoration of the dozens of armors that adorned the exhibit. Some armor had distinctive clan symbols that were engraved metal of varying colors.


   
Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbiddenPhoto by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


I had visited Japan previously and while I visited dozens of all sorts of places both modern and ancient I didn't visit the famous National Museum because nearly everything is a copy and the only samurai armor I got to see up close when I visited the country was in a samurai's private residence that was transformed into a museum in the city of Kanazawa. Therefore getting to visit this exposition in Santiago was a very pleasant surprise (and even more because I had no idea the presidential palace in Chile rotated public expositions with artifacts from all over the world).

Getting back to the topic of this post while it is true the Äimite guard 
 are obliged to never desert the guard and when they are mingling with civilians must wear a completely black uniform most of the similarities stop there. For one even though common criminals can join the guard the majority of the army's members are law abiding elves that were either raised as nobles from reputable families or in the very least former rangers with an exceptionally good work ethic. It is later revealed that the nation's Secretary of Defense Harvinha performed the initial Äimite training but he failed due to an outburst of anger and punched a drill sergeant in the face.

Entering the guard is highly competitive in part because a citizen cannot send a form to join. Whereas in Game of Thrones Jon Snow asked a recruiter to join in An Ominous Book that would never happen. The Äimite guard presently only has 4 different military ranks and potential applicants can only be invited by captains or guards of even higher rank. It is revealed that even though Harvinha isn't a guard and cannot directly invite exceptionally talented rangers he has confessed to send recommendation letters to high ranking guards that invite the candidate in his name at least once.
  • What are the drawbacks to joining the guard?
For starters once you sign the letter and pass the initial training you can never desert the guard or risk being beheaded. In that sense it is just like the Night Watch. The ubiquitous black robes of Äimite guards are also similar. However unlike the Night Watch Äimite guards wear a nearly identical looking military uniform where silver markings in the neck collar determine rank. Even guards that are off duty that are spending time with their families have to wear the official uniform at all times. If they get caught wearing something else or altering the uniform to their taste without permission they end up getting flogged as punishment in a guard post, far away from view of the general public. Unlike the Night Watch when guards are resting in their private grounds they can wear a second uniform with a silver shirt and black pants.


This is another thing I heavily stress in my series which is the social importance of distinguishing clans by their heraldic colors. While in Spain it is very common for families to decorate their homes and some personal belongings with their elaborate family crest (I have Basque ancestry and my family crest is rather beautiful looking) in Japan they push things a little further and instead of using handwritten signatures everyone stamps official documents with little signet stamps that have the kanji of their surname. When you wander around cities in the country you will eventually bump into a store that sells these family kanji stamps that are on display in the street. In ancient Japan many families of noble rank wore robes with heraldic colors which is something I like to emphasize in my series.


While each of the 36 clans have specific colors (Trevilin's clan oddly enough alternates black with green) the Elf King and the guard share opposing heraldic colors that represents a complementation of their balancing powers. Whereas the Elf King is represented with gold and white that signifies purity and regalness the guard on the other hand is marked by silver and black. The black in the uniform represents the darkness of their missions where from the start of their training they learn to kill even innocents without question and silver because they are not only immediately beneath the king in social rank but when the occasion merits it they can temporarily have more political power than the Elf King himself. While the Elf King is the guide of the nation the guard immediately follows. In the elvish tongue of my series Äimite is represented by the elvish verb äimitar which means "to submit". They not only submit to every order of their king but they submit the entire populace to maintain societal order.
  • How do Äimite guards live?
Unlike Game of Thrones the guard doesn't necessarily live in horrible bunks in the frozen wastelands that are far away from society. In the Ominous Book series they live all over the nation overseeing the rule of law in every major city to keep everything in order. In the capital they walk around everywhere and given guards are always dressed in full uniform while they are in public it's impossible for civilians to know if the guard they see wandering in the streets is on duty or not. Some of them work in undesirable posts in the uninhabited eastern wastelands next to the Evenian River that oversees parts of neighboring Outambila and the Garardmarjin territories whereas there are a few posts in the northern polar regions. While the conglomeration of rural posts are ruled by high ranking guards of good repute many soldiers that are stuck in the bitterly miserable rural posts are usually guards that are being punished with being lodged in undesirable posts. The most coveted posts are obviously the ones that guard the king's palace but all guards are rotated across the country at varying intervals.

When an elf joins the guard they are soon taught that they are no longer allied with their clans or blood relatives. The guard is now their new true family and they answer to nobody except the higher ranking guards and the Elf King. Unlike Game of Thrones the Äimite guard has both male and female guards. It is revealed in the 2nd book that Seiran herself was once invited to the guard but she declined because she preferred to someday become a clan leader.
  • If there are female members of the guard, how many are there in the army?
The Äimite guard has approximately 4000 members and only 8% of the army is female. The army has at the most 350 female guards and they are all both very formidable warriors and proud to the degree of utter arrogance.


  • A small child in Game of Thrones joined the Night Watch can children join the Äimite guard?
Elves mature at a different rate from humans and reach full adulthood at age 50. In the kingdom elves reach politically accepted adulthood when they turn 20 although they still retain the bodies that are equivalent to a 14 year old human. No matter how talented a child elf is, it is against the law for them to be invited to the guard until they turn 20. That same age is also the bare minimum to be awarded clan leader status or apply for the Ranger Academy Entrance Exam. As for this question, the child in the tv series would have been too young to join the guard and even if he was old enough to join the Äimite would have only invited him if he was already proficient enough in combat to be considered.
  • How are elves invited to the guard?
Unlike Game of Thrones where the contract is initially verbal in An Ominous Book a captain or higher ranking guard writes a consideration letter to a senior guard to oversee the potential candidate. If the potential candidate is approved Lord Froylan as the commander of the guard writes an elegant invitation letter and the guard that made the suggestion personally meets the potential candidate to invite him or her. The decision doesn't have to be immediate. The most common scenario is for guards to grant the candidate a handful of months to consider the decision and they will either sign the letter to perform the initial training or decline to join. In usual circumstances a candidate that declines to join is never invited a second time. In order to join the candidate signs their name on the letter along with their associated clan.

When a candidate signs the letter they are not yet bound by any oath and perform an initial training that lasts approximately 4 months. The guards assess the general health of the candidate, competency in magic and fencing along with their temperament. In Harvinha's case while he was a talented warrior his immaturity that spurred a temper tantrum deemed him unfit. The guard assesses that candidates are capable of following orders even if they utterly dislike them. Lord Garain states in the 4th book that some candidates initially look very good on paper but they either have crippling injuries or have poor control of their sorcery under stressful conditions. In some cases candidates can fail the training on purpose to avoid being forced to commit to the oath. Once a candidate passes the training with a signed letter they are obliged to dress themselves in the silver colored apprentice uniform and perform the oath.
  • How long does the training last?
On average it takes an apprentice 10 years to complete the training. During the last 2 years of training apprentices are sent to random posts all over the nation for on the job training under the tutelage of their superiors. It's unknown if an apprentice must complete a specific kind of examination to be awarded their black uniform.
  • When can guards become captains and what are the selection criteria?
A guard must complete a minimum of 10 years as a normal low ranking Äimite before being awarded captain status. Senior guards usually assess the combat skills of the elf and award a more elaborate ring to the newly appointed captain.

A handful of guards become awarded Senior Guard status that carries even more political power than a clan leader. They need to be a fully trained guard for a minimum of 50 years and only the Elf King awards senior status as a symbol of utter loyalty. In some cases this status is awarded to exceptionally powerful captains or guards that prove a loyalty beyond exceptional circumstances. Some guards are awarded this status as compensation because their bodies have ended up maimed beyond repair from cruet battles. In the 4th book we are introduced to Senior Lord Einman that ended up losing a leg, several fingers on one arm and partially paralyzed after a particularly devastating battle.
  • What happens to mortal guards that become elderly or badly injured?
Being an Äimite guard is a double edge sword. While youthful mortal elves can join the guard once you become one you are never allowed to desert it. Mortal elves inevitably become elderly and even though they have to wear their uniforms till the very end of their natural lifespan they are granted pleasant office jobs that require very little effort and enjoy a comfortable retirement until they perish of natural causes. Guards that end up severely maimed from battles either end up with important senior positions such as Einman performing various tasks that are limited by their badly injured bodies, remain as low ranked guards that do administrative tasks or spend their time in long-term infirmaries that are run by guards. In some cases it isn't unheard of for guards that are badly maimed to commit suicide to avoid being a burden.
  • If being a dual element mage is so exceptionally rare was Spaulding ever invited to the guard before the beginning of the series?
King Salman knew about Spaulding's ability of using water sorcery at an unknown time before the beginning of the series. It's highly likely Spaulding performed water sorcery during the Ranger Academy Entrance Exam. Unlike the average ranger that is a civilian elf Spaulding is the clan leader of the nation's smallest clan in population and there are no other direct members of his bloodline that are nobleelves. The only explanation why he was allowed to become a ranger was because King Salman approved of his petition in the hopes that Spaulding would eventually become an Äimite guard.
  • How did I come up with the colors of the Äimite guard?
Simple, because they are the colors of the fur coat of my dearest cat Ardilla and she was the inspiration that made me choose the black and silver heraldic colors of the guard. ;)

ext by Nancy Foster. AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden.

Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden

sábado, 5 de noviembre de 2016

An Ominous Book Separation is now available!

I was in a bit of a rush drawing the cover for Separation. I initially wanted to draw the cover with Spaulding and Eufurel but it was really, really hard to get Spaulding right and I really wanted the 4 Ominous Books online immediately for everyone to download on the Kindle.

While I am pleased with the despair of Spaulding's struggle to choose between a life in unjust imprisonment versus joining the Äimite guard against his will I'm not entirely pleased with the facial expression of the drawing. Hopefully during this week I'll do a few nicks to make it better. However without much ado if you are into books with a prison theme and don't mind scenes with violence I hope you check the book out and no matter if you hate it I'd love to see what you think!

Separation (An Ominous Book series, book 2)



Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden

Text by Nancy Foster. AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden.


Amazing Easter Island

Just got back from yet another killer trip to a remote and totally oddball region of the world. Easter Island also known as Rapa Nui is a small island located 4000 km off the coast of Chile that despite being a part of the country is sort of autonomously ruled by its indigenous Rapa Nui people.


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


While people associate Easter Island as that faraway island with those funny moai statues once you reach this amazingly magical place you uncover more than that. An entire culture that venerates the Bird-Man religious cult, amazing landscapes, underground caves, ancient petroglyphs and a society that has lived in this remote piece of land for thousands of years.

The byproduct of ancient volcanic eruptions, the island has two main inactive volcanoes: Rano Raraku and Rano Kau, the first of which is the volcano where the stone to build the moai came from.


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


Seeing photos of moai on the internet and actually standing just a few feet away are two completely different things. They are indeed majestic and you get the vibe they are simply enjoying a sense of zen state in their merry existence of that small island that is devoid of the ills of earthquakes or tsunamis (something nearly unheard of in the Pacific Rim). At the most the eastern shore in Tongariki might get small waves. However that doesn't liberate the island from unpredictable weather. Everyone was wondering why in the hell would I spend nearly a week in an island that is so small that you can drive around it in 40 minutes in a car at a slow speed. The truth is that just in Torres del Paine National Park Rapa Nui can experience all four seasons within one single day.


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


One day the sun was burning so hot I suffered from really nasty sunburn and the following day rainfall alternated with thunder was the outdoor landscape. The island has one iconic beach called Anakena but the storm made staying outside so intolerable I sadly missed out. The remote island resembles the fictitious island from my third book. I can view the unwelcoming barren volcanic stones such as the photo above to resemble the island in my book albeit with no traces of vegetation or fauna.

If you are ever curious to visit this amazing island there is only one airline that goes there in the entire world known as LATAM that flies via Santiago every day at 9:45 am. During the summer season a second plane arrives at night whereas the island greets planes coming from Tahiti from the same company once every Tuesday. While most English speaking countries will not need a visa to reach this island be aware that Australian are still levied with a hefty reciprocity fee every time they land in Santiago International Airport. If you reach Easter Island via Tahiti you will be exempt from the 160 USD fee. The island is definitely worth the cost and trouble to get there. If the price of the ticket is a hassle get a subscription for the LATAM newsletter for surprise discounts. Some people that come from North America travel via Copa Airlines or Aeromexico to reach Santiago and switch planes. It might work for you albeit for me the ticket was much lower via LATAM. I would love to visit the island again and see the places I was unable to enjoy due to the inclement weather.

Text by Nancy Foster. AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden.

sábado, 29 de octubre de 2016

Chile's amazing desertic landscape

Chile: An underrated destination for lovers of the backdoors:

This brief post is a bit off-topic from The Ominous Book series but a lot of scenes from my series are inspired by the Atacama Desert. It is not only the driest desert in the world (although most of the tourist spots have some rain a few weeks a year) but it has a lot of amazing places to visit among Andean flamingos, salt lakes (albeit not as amazing as the ones in Bolivia they are still great), impeccable stargazing, sandboarding tours, the tallest geysers in the world and even a lagoon where you can float in it just like the Dead Sea in Israel. San Pedro is just a 45 minute bus ride from Calama which is a 2 hour flight from Santiago.

Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden

Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden

Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


More related to my book, the second book from my fantasy series "An Ominous Book" is finally online and as an exciting gesture that I finally have the first 4 books online on KDP Select I'm going to keep the first book at only 0.99 dollars.

See the first book here!

Happy traveling!

Text by Nancy Foster. AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden.

martes, 25 de octubre de 2016

If you're ever in Kyoto go to Nijo Castle

One place that really stroke me when I first went to Kyoto in 2012 was Nijo Castle. Perhaps it has a little something to do with the fact it was my first destination when I miraculously managed to withdraw some cash from the only Post Office ATMS in town that open on a weekend. If you haven't been to this city before, the Post Office is right next to the JR Kyoto station and Nijo Castle is a merely 8 blocks north from here. Technically it isn't even a castle to begin with despite the protecting outer walls. The main complex is only one level with a confusing array of narrow dark wood hallways with various meeting and visitor rooms. Visiting rooms have lateral sliding doors for samurai to eavesdrop on visitors whereas the private dormitories have wider open spaces. All of the rooms of this mega residential complex have views of perfectly pruned gardens.

This is where the Ieyasu Tokugawa shogunate lived in during a good portion of the restless Edo war era and gave me a lot of inspiration in my books.

Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


When I first arrived to Nijo in 2012 the main entrance was being repainted and the finished project was clearly worth the wait. The photo above is the recently restored entrance when I came back in 2014. Intricate gold artwork to the point of ostentatiousness adorns the door with the ever familiar Chrysanthemum shogun emblem.


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


Nijo Castle unfortunately has two huge letdowns: The first is that you are staunchly forbidden to take photos inside and security personnel standing guard make sure nobody even takes a cellphone picture. It is indeed a huge letdown because the gorgeous artwork inside was something that left me literally speechless. Gorgeous ancient masterpieces of pheasants, storks and carp adorn the rooms. I probably spent a good three hours admiring the castle's inner artwork that complimented with the spaciousness of the otherwise bare rooms.

Before you purchase your ticket to Japan hold it right there. The second letdown is that in 2014 the castle has begun a huge remodeling overhaul that is long overdue. The wooden supporting beams are riddled with cobwebs and dust; some wooden beams are fully cracked. In 2014 all of the castle's precious paintings were removed to be fully restored and copies that don't even remotely replicate the beauty of the palace were placed instead. I am not sure if that part of the restoration project has been completed but I'm certain they will close specific sections of the castle to fully restore it. Chances are the castle won't be returned to its full splendor until the 2020 Olympics.


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


Is Nijo Castle worth it despite the remodeling project?

A lot would depend on how many days you plan of staying in Kyoto and if huge sections of the palace end up being closed to be repaired. The gardens are lush and mind bogglingly beautiful. When I visited the castle in 2014 the gardens lost some of their splendor from a recent hurricane and the gingko tress had become prematurely bare. What a huge letdown when I paced across a flurry of golden leaves in 2012!

One thing that I really enjoyed about this particular castle that I didn't explore in my books was the floors. What is so special about varnished wooden beam floors? Well, basically they squeak... a lot. The castle was designed on purpose to thwart surprise attacks from ninja and back in those days making your hallways obnoxiously noisy on purpose was just as well as a camera security system. I managed to pace across the designated path without making a lot of noise. I don't know if it's because I only weigh 44 kg or because I have innate hidden talent to be a ninja.

Text by Nancy Foster. AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden.

domingo, 23 de octubre de 2016

Happy Doctor's Day to all mexican doctors!

Perhaps it's a tad bit off-topic from the themes of my book series but as a physician it's always great to enjoy that one day of the year where my country commemorates the difficult tasks we do with the lack of medications, equipment and some of us literally risking our lives by working in crime-ridden areas. I also wish to pay my respects to the physician and odontology student that were brutally murdered out of the endless wave of senseless violence just a few weeks ago in Ecatepec, arguably the most dangerous municipality in the entire nation for overall crime (Acapulco still takes first place in homicide).

I probably write a little too much about medical themes in my series but characters overcoming devastating injury scenes have always attracted my interest. Arguably one of my favorite scenes from Tolkien's The Fellowship of the Ring is when Elrond heals Frodo as best as he can from whatever vile curse he suffered when he was stabbed by a Mordor sword and how quite possibly whatever remained of the curse expedited the effects of the spider's venom. I always felt a sort of admiration that one seemingly minor wound that didn't puncture any vital organs debilitated his health sufficiently to convince him to leave Middle-Earth at the end of Return of the King.

An Ominous Book contrasts two very different medics and despite a very brief interaction they both garner completely opposite reactions from Spaulding. The first medic we meet is Ciedel who is unusually tall, corpulent, keeps his black hair cut very short and seems to have a rather dry personality with a short temper. All we know about him is that he's an air mage that runs the infirmary of Tindenfarel and is vastly knowledgeable. None of my books ever delves about his personal life except for his long-lasting friendship with Trevilin. The scenes where Trevilin begins to recover from the third degree burn on his neck are never shown but I can imagine Ciedel's awkward position where an elf he has always known as a peculiar friend has now become his own patient. It's never easy treating someone you personally know because the emotional bond you share with that person can cloud your decisions yet it's clear that Ciedel manages to set his emotions aside to save Trevilin's life. I think Spaulding doesn't give Ciedel the credit he deserves and merely dislikes him in the beginning because his phantom beast managed to keep him trapped inside of Tindenfarel against his will. It isn't until Froylan confesses Ciedel's curse is the sole reason why the guard didn't bring him to National Palace for Salman's entertainment that Spaulding begins to harness a certain degree of respect for the medic. Ciedel's role as a recurring minor character brings him back in book 6. Brash, opinionated but still respectful of the Äimite guard, he is trusted with the impossible goal of healing the mentally unstable Tioja. Whether Ciedel has any noble lineage and actual combat abilities could be open for debate.

The second medic Dezan becomes a recurring secondary character. A member of the Naganim Clan of the central mountain plains and uncle of the current clan leader Lord Himijra, we know that he has noble blood relatives but we don't know if he was born a nobleelf. Always wearing his medium length black hair tucked inside of a hat, he seems like Ciedel's polar opposite: excessively polite to a point that Froylan constantly remarks he's a coward, pale, thin and wears small spectacles. Dezan reveals he is a water mage in the second book who can summon a Sarin. When Spaulding told Richard in the first book that some water mages have the misfortune of summoning beasts that are dependent on water Dezan proves that the defect of his water serpent doesn't hinder his abilities as a medic. Because the bodies of living animals are 70% water he has the powerful ability to study the organs of patients and even read their current thoughts. Little is known about his prior life except that Salman had his predecessor beheaded for some unknown motive and he became appointed as the king's personal medic, arguably the most important job position of a healthcare worker in the entire nation.

Due to this heightened position and the relative improbability that Salman as a healthy immortal would ever become ill one would believe he has the cushiest desk job in the nation. However the first book already hints the palace infirmary takes care of prominent citizens that suffer devastating injuries. Between badly injured Äimite guards, high ranking nobleelves and the occasional ranger Dezan seems to always be busy. His knowledge is put to the test both in the second book when he attempts experimental blood transfusions and in the fifth book for a reason I don't wish to spoil just yet. The fact that the nation doesn't have a Secretary of Health per se means any massive plague or medical emergency falls on his hands and he is partially responsible for sharing his knowledge with other medics in the nation. Utterly kind to the point of ridiculousness, he is a sufficiently capable mage to briefly impress Froylan. While Dezan rejected Lord Garain's offer to begin the initial Äimite training maybe he is capable of becoming a guard. Although in the unlikely case he begins the training I'm certain he would flunk on purpose.

Dezan nearly exclusively is seen dressed in his uniform but it's enjoyable to see him wearing Naganim heraldic travel robes during the endless journey in the third book. I wouldn't fully agree with everyone's opinion that he's a coward either. Dezan is one of the only characters in the series that ever dares contradict Froylan's opinions without any fear of reprisal. Either Froylan deeply respects him or everyone misjudges just how bold Dezan really is.

I love it how medics have different personality traits and want to have their opinions heard. Medicine isn't some kind of one size fits all cookbook and many sources of fiction (be it television, film, animation or books) seems to think everyone has a flat personality that follows medical advice like every disease was a cookie cutter. Medicine isn't in real life so blatantly obvious. While 90% of your cases will be common horses the remaining 10% will be zebras that fall into two categories: common diseases with a rare symptoms or a rare disease with common symptoms. Making things more difficult, the hospital you rotate as a med student can have a vastly opposing viewpoint on how you manage cases. Go to a tertiary super center to see breakthrough treatments of the rarest diseases and you will come out believing everything is a zebra. On the other hand expose yourself to a general hospital without all of the equipment or staff and get used to delegating anything out of your comfort zone to someone else.

Is it right that the Elf Kingdom seemingly has such advanced medicine in an otherwise primitive world? I think it is possible. Take away the diseases related to aging and have a society where everyone eats a healthy vegan diet without overt signs of an obesity epidemic and add the fact that you could very well practice medicine every day for 800 years in the prime of your health and it would be little surprising that you would dabble some of your free time on experimental medicine. Injuries, sepsis and varied surgical emergencies (varying between a vast array of pathologies that could happen to young people such as appendicitis or volvulus) would be the focus of your care. Immortal elves have no need to give birth to large amounts of children so the nation would expend larger amounts of resources in trade rather than education.


Could another cure for the life-threatening pathology that Trevilin contracts in the third book be discovered someday? I wouldn't be sure but I like thinking about countless scenarios that for time constraints cannot be explored in the novels.

Text by Nancy Foster. AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden.

sábado, 22 de octubre de 2016

Just a reminder of the kindle ebook URLs


Foolish old me! I've written two posts for this small blog for my book series and haven't even taken the annoyance of placing a link for the first installmenet of the series.

Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden



Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden


Photo by Nancy Foster AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden

Text by Nancy Foster. AI training or unauthorized reproduction forbidden.